我原来就读的本科，我们那个系有很长的麻将历史。学校麻将办（就是不让打麻将的）要找对象，往往直奔俺们系那几间屋子而去。好在麻将的传统没有传到我们这一届。几个哥们改打扑克，六人四副牌的拖拉机，整宿整宿地打。这几个人现在似乎混得也不错，一个人每年搞个十万二十万的都很轻松，而且是下限。不禁让我们这些对科学怀有美好憧憬，立志投身于斯的呆子感到迷惑。
俺接触新生事物总比别人慢好多拍，喝酒、看金庸的武侠都是在本科，第一次接触麻将则是在上了硕士之后。彼时286虽然还算金贵，但好歹也能用上。有个打麻将脱衣服的游戏，俺颇玩了几把，由此才略知麻将的胡法。秘技也有，好像输入几个字码，就像当年的WPS，按[ctrl]+qiubojun，所有密码迎刃而解那样，随便几下就胡，而且番数还高。于是就能看到美女脱啊脱啊。然而啊然而，正当谜底就在眼前，玩家心急眼热之时，那妞儿在第九关的时候居然钻到床底下去了。
不怕大家笑话，我在硕士三年级之前，没谈过恋爱，没看过黄色录像，定力也好，乃至我的很多同学们认我是最佳和尚候选人。
第一次麻将实战也是在本科二、三年级左右，然而理论模拟与实战有很大不同。模拟的时候很多动作自动进行。到了实战，俺是打一张抓一张。结果一副牌不到一半就给轰了下来。
这一停一直停到九八年我结婚之后才在我岳父家里玩过两把。打得索然无趣，就没再玩。
再后来就是在英国呆了4年，更加见不到麻将了。
上月我在天津开会。晚上一个同事、一个前同事、一个老板非要搓一搓。人家照顾我，最简单的广式麻将开局，只准自摸，一局十块，其余不论。没想到一晚2/3强的局都让我一个人胡了，怪不好意思的。
这风声马上就传到了北京，说我这么多年的统计没有白学。几个哥们非要拉俺操演几把，这回是京式麻将，没多长时间俺赢的那点儿便全填进去了。同学颇感失望，原来如此。
星期一, 十月 31, 2005
闲话悟性
我很赞成以前有一个经过无数曲折终于考上计算机专业的研究生，再成为一名教员的人所说的，如果一个人不编写十万行以上的代码，就不能称之为一个程序员，所谓的悟性来自于艰苦的磨炼。
说到悟性，很容易让人想到六祖惠能，什么明镜台、尘埃，还有什么心动、旗动等一些狗屁不通的东西。用英文就一个字，非常“misleading”。
有人可能argue，现实中的确有许多所谓“顿悟”情况，“众里寻他千百度，蓦然回首，那人却在灯火阑珊处”。这个就好比细菌生长一样，在一开始根本感觉不到资源的限制，analogous to已有的知识，这是一个指数生长的阶段，尽管增加的绝对量很小；随后便进入一个很短的快速增长阶段，所谓顿悟恐怕通常发生在这一阶段，感觉上也是最快乐的一个阶段；然后资源的限制变成了dominant因素。
顿悟并不是每个人都能体会到的，倘若连指数生长阶段都熬不过去的话。
所谓“饱汉子不知饿汉子饥”，大多时候聪明人又哪里会知道智障的难处。高中时候我一个同桌，女的:)，物理、数学死活不能入门，120分钟的物理卷子，到119分钟她还有没做完的题，而我这边20分钟完活，而且基本不错。反过来，我对她能够把一只老鼠写得那么惊心动魄佩服的五体投地，轮到我写作文的时候，常常两节课下来，只能把老师的题目抄下来，虽然这里有其他原因，我以前在这里（三思）说过的。
说到悟性，很容易让人想到六祖惠能，什么明镜台、尘埃，还有什么心动、旗动等一些狗屁不通的东西。用英文就一个字，非常“misleading”。
有人可能argue，现实中的确有许多所谓“顿悟”情况，“众里寻他千百度，蓦然回首，那人却在灯火阑珊处”。这个就好比细菌生长一样，在一开始根本感觉不到资源的限制，analogous to已有的知识，这是一个指数生长的阶段，尽管增加的绝对量很小；随后便进入一个很短的快速增长阶段，所谓顿悟恐怕通常发生在这一阶段，感觉上也是最快乐的一个阶段；然后资源的限制变成了dominant因素。
顿悟并不是每个人都能体会到的，倘若连指数生长阶段都熬不过去的话。
所谓“饱汉子不知饿汉子饥”，大多时候聪明人又哪里会知道智障的难处。高中时候我一个同桌，女的:)，物理、数学死活不能入门，120分钟的物理卷子，到119分钟她还有没做完的题，而我这边20分钟完活，而且基本不错。反过来，我对她能够把一只老鼠写得那么惊心动魄佩服的五体投地，轮到我写作文的时候，常常两节课下来，只能把老师的题目抄下来，虽然这里有其他原因，我以前在这里（三思）说过的。
星期日, 十月 30, 2005
读书盘点之一
回国之前买了很多书。一来学校再也没有那么大的图书馆，二来也没有那么多名师随时可以讨教。第三，其实就是想show off myself，买了许多好书，藏在深阁无人知是件很遗憾的事情。
而更遗憾的则如洗脚兄所说，买了而不能读。
我的藏书架上，私人购进和其他来源的搁在一起大约五十余本，几乎每一本都能说出一段故事来。数量遗传学导论（IQG）和数量性状遗传分析（GAQT）自不必说了，这是数量遗传专业必读的教科书，而且只读一遍远远不够。IQG第四版1996年出版，GAQT 1998年出版，Bill在最近Genetics上的一篇Perspective回顾前者时这样评价后者，现在很多人都在期待Lynch & Walsh第二本著作的出版，但已经不再屏住呼吸了。L&W原计划分三个部分写他们的书：连锁分析，参数估计，和进化选择。结果用了十年时间只完成了前两部分（第二部分已经可以从网上下载）。从Bill话可以看出第一本出版时引起的轰动。
回国前后买了遗传分析导论（IGA）第七版和第八版，两本都是二手的。前一本的好处是有配套光盘，购于回国前；后一本自然是内容新一些了，是回国后托我的同学从美国买的。我刚上研究生的时候才开始看这本书。刚开始是第二版。从那里我才知道了世界上曾经有个杜布赞斯基。这两本书我的大儿子翻的最多，上面的插图太精彩了。
我比较常翻的还有一本书是Numerical Recipes in Fortran 77，尽管现在仍然有很多我不太懂，但和第一次看时的感觉已经完全不同了。初次接触这本书完全有些误打误撞，也是硕士期间淘的。我那时候的一大爱好就是到海淀图书城淘书淘磁带。和中文译本（叫做C语言数值算法大全）一起买的还有一套Win32参考手册。我当时的二老板，北大数学系毕业的，很不以为然，说Windows 3.2都已经淘汰了，我无语。不过后来还是发生了买书最遗憾的事，后者我几乎没怎么看。
还有几本书就比较专业了，比如Matrix Algebra Useful for Statistics，Variance Component。系统看恐怕来不及了，但想起来翻翻作为参考还是有的，最后关头才买的。类似的还有一本Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables. 不过五十年代出的书，买已经很困难了，于是就把公式都拷贝了下来，而跳过那些数表，很多软件都可以算出来。我最初是从Bill那里看到这本书的，已经翻得很烂了。
两个多月之前，我拔掉一颗牙。说来也邪乎，在英国的四年又长了三颗牙，疼倒没疼过，只是东倒西歪的老攒东西。本来在英国也可以拔掉的，只是拔一颗要七八十镑，我老婆舍不得，拖到了现在。结果那位老军医，牛吹得挺响，可是只把牙根拔了出来，把劈下来的一块牙冠埋在牙龈里面，结果就发了。在这几天里，又看了一本群体遗传学原理（Hartl and Clark），只是前两章。当初也是因为看到图书馆有好多本放在很显眼的位置上才买它的。结果就像看小说一样，获益匪浅，一个多月之前为此写过一段，今天就不罗嗦了。
而更遗憾的则如洗脚兄所说，买了而不能读。
我的藏书架上，私人购进和其他来源的搁在一起大约五十余本，几乎每一本都能说出一段故事来。数量遗传学导论（IQG）和数量性状遗传分析（GAQT）自不必说了，这是数量遗传专业必读的教科书，而且只读一遍远远不够。IQG第四版1996年出版，GAQT 1998年出版，Bill在最近Genetics上的一篇Perspective回顾前者时这样评价后者，现在很多人都在期待Lynch & Walsh第二本著作的出版，但已经不再屏住呼吸了。L&W原计划分三个部分写他们的书：连锁分析，参数估计，和进化选择。结果用了十年时间只完成了前两部分（第二部分已经可以从网上下载）。从Bill话可以看出第一本出版时引起的轰动。
回国前后买了遗传分析导论（IGA）第七版和第八版，两本都是二手的。前一本的好处是有配套光盘，购于回国前；后一本自然是内容新一些了，是回国后托我的同学从美国买的。我刚上研究生的时候才开始看这本书。刚开始是第二版。从那里我才知道了世界上曾经有个杜布赞斯基。这两本书我的大儿子翻的最多，上面的插图太精彩了。
我比较常翻的还有一本书是Numerical Recipes in Fortran 77，尽管现在仍然有很多我不太懂，但和第一次看时的感觉已经完全不同了。初次接触这本书完全有些误打误撞，也是硕士期间淘的。我那时候的一大爱好就是到海淀图书城淘书淘磁带。和中文译本（叫做C语言数值算法大全）一起买的还有一套Win32参考手册。我当时的二老板，北大数学系毕业的，很不以为然，说Windows 3.2都已经淘汰了，我无语。不过后来还是发生了买书最遗憾的事，后者我几乎没怎么看。
还有几本书就比较专业了，比如Matrix Algebra Useful for Statistics，Variance Component。系统看恐怕来不及了，但想起来翻翻作为参考还是有的，最后关头才买的。类似的还有一本Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables. 不过五十年代出的书，买已经很困难了，于是就把公式都拷贝了下来，而跳过那些数表，很多软件都可以算出来。我最初是从Bill那里看到这本书的，已经翻得很烂了。
两个多月之前，我拔掉一颗牙。说来也邪乎，在英国的四年又长了三颗牙，疼倒没疼过，只是东倒西歪的老攒东西。本来在英国也可以拔掉的，只是拔一颗要七八十镑，我老婆舍不得，拖到了现在。结果那位老军医，牛吹得挺响，可是只把牙根拔了出来，把劈下来的一块牙冠埋在牙龈里面，结果就发了。在这几天里，又看了一本群体遗传学原理（Hartl and Clark），只是前两章。当初也是因为看到图书馆有好多本放在很显眼的位置上才买它的。结果就像看小说一样，获益匪浅，一个多月之前为此写过一段，今天就不罗嗦了。
星期六, 七月 16, 2005
星期三, 三月 23, 2005
重逢了，我的老朋友
通过飞浪之舟，我又重新见到了你，并且将老朋友备了一个份，在http://xijiang.blogchina.com。不知道与你重逢的时间能够持续多久，也不知道国内对bbs的封锁是否会达到寂静之城的彼岸。
有时间，我会时不时来看你的，如果我能。久别重逢，与老朋友叙旧，人生惬意之事莫过如此。
一步踏出首都机场，扑面而来的是久违的喧嚣，也是一种陌生的寂静。
有时间，我会时不时来看你的，如果我能。久别重逢，与老朋友叙旧，人生惬意之事莫过如此。
一步踏出首都机场，扑面而来的是久违的喧嚣，也是一种陌生的寂静。
星期二, 二月 15, 2005
时间序列分析（第六版）
今天禁不住诱惑，又买了一本。也算是在英国买的最后一本书吧，再多了恐怕真有些看不过来了。
书名：The Analysis of Time Series
作者：Chris Chatfield
Reader in Statistics at the University of Bath, UK
其他：购于爱丁堡，定价29.99英镑
Alice sighed wearily. 'I think you might do something better with the time,' she said, 'than waste it in asking riddles that have no answers.'
'If you knew time as well as I do,' said the Hatter, 'you wouldn't talk about wasting it. It's him.'
'I don't know what you mean,' said Alice.
'Of course you don't!' the Hatter said, tossing his head contemptuously. 'I dare say you never even spoke to Time!'
'Perhaps not,' Alice cautiously replied, 'but I know I have to beat time when I learn music.'
Ah! that accounts for it,' said the Hatter. 'He won't stand beating.'
Lewis Carroll, Alice's Adventure in Wonderland
书名：The Analysis of Time Series
作者：Chris Chatfield
Reader in Statistics at the University of Bath, UK
其他：购于爱丁堡，定价29.99英镑
Alice sighed wearily. 'I think you might do something better with the time,' she said, 'than waste it in asking riddles that have no answers.'
'If you knew time as well as I do,' said the Hatter, 'you wouldn't talk about wasting it. It's him.'
'I don't know what you mean,' said Alice.
'Of course you don't!' the Hatter said, tossing his head contemptuously. 'I dare say you never even spoke to Time!'
'Perhaps not,' Alice cautiously replied, 'but I know I have to beat time when I learn music.'
Ah! that accounts for it,' said the Hatter. 'He won't stand beating.'
Lewis Carroll, Alice's Adventure in Wonderland
星期一, 二月 14, 2005
罗列暂告一个段落
我的此类私藏加起来快到五十本了吧，今天就不一一罗列了，尽管未列出的书目中还有十几本十分钟重要的参考书。自然，银子是未曾少化的，由以列的书目可见一斑。
其中有很多题目，甚至像《数量遗传学导论》这样非常入门的书，出国之前很多还是似懂非懂，短短不到四年，很多大部头的书俺读起来亦是举重若轻：随便翻开一页，发现这个俺懂；再随便翻开一页，发现这个俺也懂——这真是一种美妙的感觉。由此亦可发现，即便读书，捷径也是存在的。何况俺这四年比起在国内的四月，并没有多勤奋多少。
又：后面的藏书也许咱也不能罗列在此了。很多人对我提起，国内不能访问blogspot。曾经我对别人提起我是“中华教”的信徒，这其中复杂的因素一下子也很难说清楚。光辉伟大的字眼说起来就烦。没有人不烦。但是国内有些做法，对像我这样的人来说，恶心头顶。
不说也罢，偶今后两耳不闻窗外事，一心只读圣贤书。希望我不关心别人的时候，别人都来关心我，天助自助者！这个也可以叫做The New Year Resolutions罢。
其中有很多题目，甚至像《数量遗传学导论》这样非常入门的书，出国之前很多还是似懂非懂，短短不到四年，很多大部头的书俺读起来亦是举重若轻：随便翻开一页，发现这个俺懂；再随便翻开一页，发现这个俺也懂——这真是一种美妙的感觉。由此亦可发现，即便读书，捷径也是存在的。何况俺这四年比起在国内的四月，并没有多勤奋多少。
又：后面的藏书也许咱也不能罗列在此了。很多人对我提起，国内不能访问blogspot。曾经我对别人提起我是“中华教”的信徒，这其中复杂的因素一下子也很难说清楚。光辉伟大的字眼说起来就烦。没有人不烦。但是国内有些做法，对像我这样的人来说，恶心头顶。
不说也罢，偶今后两耳不闻窗外事，一心只读圣贤书。希望我不关心别人的时候，别人都来关心我，天助自助者！这个也可以叫做The New Year Resolutions罢。
C++编程语言（第三版）
书名：The C++ Programming Language (Third Edition)
作者：Bjarne Stroustrup
AT&T Labs Murray Hill, New Jersey
Preface
This book introduces standard C++† and the key programming and design techniques supportedby C++. Standard C++ is a far more powerful and polished language than the version of C++ introducedby the first edition of this book. New language features such as namespaces, exceptions,templates, and runtimetype identification allow many techniques to be applied more directly thanwas possible before, and the standard library allows the programmer to start from a much higherlevel than the bare language.
About a third of the information in the second edition of this book came from the first. Thisthird edition is the result of a rewrite of even larger magnitude. It offers something to even themost experienced C++ programmer; at the same time, this book is easier for the novice to approachthan its predecessors were. The explosion of C++ use and the massive amount of experience accumulatedas a result makes this possible.
The definition of an extensive standard library makes a difference to the way C++ concepts canbe presented. As before, this book presents C++ independently of any particular implementation,and as before, the tutorial chapters present language constructs and concepts in a "bottom up" order so that a construct is used only after it has been defined. However, it is much easier to use awelldesignedlibrary than it is to understand the details of its implementation. Therefore, the standardlibrary can be used to provide realistic and interesting examples well before a reader can beassumed to understand its inner workings. The standard library itself is also a fertile source of programmingexamples and design techniques.
__________________
† ISO/IEC 14882, Standard for the C++ Programming Language.
作者：Bjarne Stroustrup
AT&T Labs Murray Hill, New Jersey
Preface
Programming is understanding.
- Kristen Nygaard
I find using C++ more enjoyable than ever. C++’s support for design and programming hasimproved dramatically over the years, and lots of new helpful techniques have been developed forits use. However, C++ is not just fun. Ordinary practical programmers have achieved significantimprovements in productivity, maintainability, flexibility, and quality in projects of just about anykind and scale. By now, C++ has fulfilled most of the hopes I originally had for it, and also succeededat tasks I hadn’t even dreamt of.This book introduces standard C++† and the key programming and design techniques supportedby C++. Standard C++ is a far more powerful and polished language than the version of C++ introducedby the first edition of this book. New language features such as namespaces, exceptions,templates, and runtimetype identification allow many techniques to be applied more directly thanwas possible before, and the standard library allows the programmer to start from a much higherlevel than the bare language.
About a third of the information in the second edition of this book came from the first. Thisthird edition is the result of a rewrite of even larger magnitude. It offers something to even themost experienced C++ programmer; at the same time, this book is easier for the novice to approachthan its predecessors were. The explosion of C++ use and the massive amount of experience accumulatedas a result makes this possible.
The definition of an extensive standard library makes a difference to the way C++ concepts canbe presented. As before, this book presents C++ independently of any particular implementation,and as before, the tutorial chapters present language constructs and concepts in a "bottom up" order so that a construct is used only after it has been defined. However, it is much easier to use awelldesignedlibrary than it is to understand the details of its implementation. Therefore, the standardlibrary can be used to provide realistic and interesting examples well before a reader can beassumed to understand its inner workings. The standard library itself is also a fertile source of programmingexamples and design techniques.
__________________
† ISO/IEC 14882, Standard for the C++ Programming Language.
生物信息学——基因、蛋白质和计算机
书名：Bioinformatics – Genes, Proteins & Computers
作者：C. A. Orengo, D. T. Jones & J. M. Thornton
CO: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK
DJ: Department of Computer Science, University College London, UK
JT: European Bioinformatics Institute, Cambridge, UK
其他：购于爱丁堡，定价29.99英镑
作者：C. A. Orengo, D. T. Jones & J. M. Thornton
CO: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK
DJ: Department of Computer Science, University College London, UK
JT: European Bioinformatics Institute, Cambridge, UK
其他：购于爱丁堡，定价29.99英镑
遗传分析导论 （第七版）
书名：An Introduction to Genetic Analysis (7th edition)
作者：Anthony J. F. Griffiths, Jeffrey H. Miller, David T. Suzuki, Richard C. Lewontin, and William M. Gelbart
AG: University of British Columbia
JM: University of California, Los Angeles
DS: University of British Columbia
RL: Harvard University
WG: Harvard University
其他：购于爱丁堡，定价35.99英镑
作者：Anthony J. F. Griffiths, Jeffrey H. Miller, David T. Suzuki, Richard C. Lewontin, and William M. Gelbart
AG: University of British Columbia
JM: University of California, Los Angeles
DS: University of British Columbia
RL: Harvard University
WG: Harvard University
其他：购于爱丁堡，定价35.99英镑
用于生命科学的现代统计学
书名：Modern Statistics for the Life of Science
作者：Alan Grafen & Rosie Hails
University of Oxford
其他：购于爱丁堡，定价27.99英镑
作者：Alan Grafen & Rosie Hails
University of Oxford
其他：购于爱丁堡，定价27.99英镑
数量性状的遗传学与分析
书名：Genetics and Analysis of Quantitative Traits
作者：Michael Lynch & Bruce Walsh
ML: University of Oregon
BW: University of Arizona
Preface
With the emerging recognition that the expression of most characters is influenced by multiple genes and multiple environmental factors, quantitative genetics has become the central paradigm for the analysis of phenotypic variation and evolution. The historical development of the field is like that of a braided stream whose final destination has not been reached. Virtually all of quantitative genetics draws upon basic theoretical foundations laid down in the first third of this century, largely by Ronald Fisher and Sewall Wright. However, practical applications of this theory did not become common until the 1950s, and these were restricted almost entirely to agricultural settings. Plant and animal breeders subsequently diverged towards radically different modes of experimental design and analysis, perhaps because of the different population structures of crop plants and domesticated animals in academia. Even today, at many major universities, separate courses in quantitative genetics are taught in departments of plant and animal science.
Only in the 1970s and 1980s did evolutionary biologists begin to fully embrace quantitative genetics as a major tool in both theoretical and empirical analysis. Many evolutionary quantitative geneticists are only vaguely aware of the extent to which the statistical machinery of the field traces to earlier work by animal and plant breeders as well as to work by the statistician Karl Pearson (an ardent non-Mendelian) at the turn of the century. Over the past few decades, human geneticists have also been progressively adopting quantitative-genetic approaches as the primary mode of analysis of genetic disorders. This work is largely unknown to (and generally uninformed by) those in the fields of breeding and evolutionary genetics.
In the mid 1980s, we realized that an integration of these disparate and semi-independent subdisciplines might be a useful contribution to the field of quantitative genetics at large. Our goal was to bring together the diverse array of theoretical and empirical applications of quantitative genetics under one cover, in a way that would be both comprehensive and accessible to anyone with a rudimentary understanding of statistics and genetics. As we ventured into a lot of unfamiliar territory, we gradually discovered that we had substantially underestimated the enormity of the task. So here we are, a decade later, about halfway to our final destination. What we originally envisioned as a single volume has now become two, with the focus of this book being on the basic biology and methods of analysis of quantitative characters.
We have tried to write this book in a way that will encourage its use as a textbook in quantitative genetics. But the book also provides a thorough enough coverage of the literature so that it should be useful as a basic reference. Throughout, we have attempted to develop central theoretical concepts from first principles. To aid the less statistical sophisticated reader, we have included several chapters and appendices that review essentially all of the statistical tools employed in the book. Wherever possible, we have illustrated theoretical and analytical concepts with empirical examples from diverse settings. Both of our backgrounds are in evolutionary genetics, however, and a certain amount of bias may have crept in.
Today’s quantitative genetics is not the science that it was 25 (or even 10) years ago. Three major developments are particularly noteworthy. First, largely motivated by the work of Russell Lande in the 1970s and early 1980s, there has been an explosive influx of quantitative-genetic thinking in to evolutionary biology. It was, in fact, this dramatic refocusing of many evolutionary problems that first precipitated our interest in producing a book – most existing texts in quantitative genetics give little (and often no) attention to the great accomplishments that have been made in evolutionary biology. Thus, it is now ironic that much of our discussion of this work will be postponed to our second volume, Evolution and Selection of Quantitative Traits.
A second major development occurred in animal breeding. Here, enormous strides have been made in the development of new techniques for estimating breeding values (for the purposes of identifying elite individuals in selection programs) and for estimating variance components form samples of complex pedigrees. Although the foundation for many of these techniques was outlined in a remarkable series of papers by Charles Henderson in the 1960s and 1970s, their widespread application awaited the development of high-speed computers. Numerous technical treaties exist on these techniques, but their general absence form basic text books has endowed them with a certain mystique. In the last two chapters of this book, we have attempted to outline the basic principles of complex pedigree analysis, without getting greatly bogged down in technical details.
Third, in the past five years, as molecular markers have become widely available and economically feasible, there has been a rapid proliferation of new methods for detecting, locating, and characterizing quantitative-trait loci (QTLs). Currently one of most active fields of quantitative-genetic research, QTL analysis was a mere dream when we embarked on this book. Thus, one benefit of our slow writing is the fact that we have been able to provide an up-to-date report on the exciting achievements of QTL analysis. Although a full integration of quantitative genetics and molecular genetics is still a long way off, with the recruitment of molecular biologists in the field we can anticipate great advances in the near future.
Over the past couple of years, we have heard a number of colleagues, some quite prominent, make statements like “quantitative genetics is dead,” a rather hard thing to take when we have spent 10 years writing a treatise on the subjects! There are indeed some people who would dearly like to embrace this obituary as a rationale for ignoring a technically demanding field. However, the reality is that as a tool for the analysis of complex characters, quantitative genetics is as alive as it has ever been. What may be dead (or at least much less viable than we originally thought) is the simple caricature of traits being influenced by an effectively infinite number of loci with very small, additive effects. As we try to emphasize throughout this book, quantitative genetics is still fully capable of accommodating characters with small numbers of loci (even single loci), nonadditive genetic effects, non-Mendelian inheritance, and other genetic complexities. Indeed, the current machinery of quantitative genetics stands waiting (and its practitioners willing) to incorporate the fine genetic details of complex traits being elucidated by molecular and developmental biologists.
In spite of our best efforts, it is likely that a few errors have escaped scrutiny. Hopefully, they will be trivial and obvious, but Murphy’s Law suggests otherwise. Likewise, many of the methods we discuss can be computationally very demanding. To address both of these issues, we have set up a World Wide Web home page to post listings of detected errors and links to recent programs. The URL is http://nitro.biosci.arizona.edu/zbook/book.html; interested parties should contact BW at jbwalsh@u.arizona.edu for further information.
其他：购于爱丁堡，定价61.99英镑
作者：Michael Lynch & Bruce Walsh
ML: University of Oregon
BW: University of Arizona
Preface
With the emerging recognition that the expression of most characters is influenced by multiple genes and multiple environmental factors, quantitative genetics has become the central paradigm for the analysis of phenotypic variation and evolution. The historical development of the field is like that of a braided stream whose final destination has not been reached. Virtually all of quantitative genetics draws upon basic theoretical foundations laid down in the first third of this century, largely by Ronald Fisher and Sewall Wright. However, practical applications of this theory did not become common until the 1950s, and these were restricted almost entirely to agricultural settings. Plant and animal breeders subsequently diverged towards radically different modes of experimental design and analysis, perhaps because of the different population structures of crop plants and domesticated animals in academia. Even today, at many major universities, separate courses in quantitative genetics are taught in departments of plant and animal science.
Only in the 1970s and 1980s did evolutionary biologists begin to fully embrace quantitative genetics as a major tool in both theoretical and empirical analysis. Many evolutionary quantitative geneticists are only vaguely aware of the extent to which the statistical machinery of the field traces to earlier work by animal and plant breeders as well as to work by the statistician Karl Pearson (an ardent non-Mendelian) at the turn of the century. Over the past few decades, human geneticists have also been progressively adopting quantitative-genetic approaches as the primary mode of analysis of genetic disorders. This work is largely unknown to (and generally uninformed by) those in the fields of breeding and evolutionary genetics.
In the mid 1980s, we realized that an integration of these disparate and semi-independent subdisciplines might be a useful contribution to the field of quantitative genetics at large. Our goal was to bring together the diverse array of theoretical and empirical applications of quantitative genetics under one cover, in a way that would be both comprehensive and accessible to anyone with a rudimentary understanding of statistics and genetics. As we ventured into a lot of unfamiliar territory, we gradually discovered that we had substantially underestimated the enormity of the task. So here we are, a decade later, about halfway to our final destination. What we originally envisioned as a single volume has now become two, with the focus of this book being on the basic biology and methods of analysis of quantitative characters.
We have tried to write this book in a way that will encourage its use as a textbook in quantitative genetics. But the book also provides a thorough enough coverage of the literature so that it should be useful as a basic reference. Throughout, we have attempted to develop central theoretical concepts from first principles. To aid the less statistical sophisticated reader, we have included several chapters and appendices that review essentially all of the statistical tools employed in the book. Wherever possible, we have illustrated theoretical and analytical concepts with empirical examples from diverse settings. Both of our backgrounds are in evolutionary genetics, however, and a certain amount of bias may have crept in.
Today’s quantitative genetics is not the science that it was 25 (or even 10) years ago. Three major developments are particularly noteworthy. First, largely motivated by the work of Russell Lande in the 1970s and early 1980s, there has been an explosive influx of quantitative-genetic thinking in to evolutionary biology. It was, in fact, this dramatic refocusing of many evolutionary problems that first precipitated our interest in producing a book – most existing texts in quantitative genetics give little (and often no) attention to the great accomplishments that have been made in evolutionary biology. Thus, it is now ironic that much of our discussion of this work will be postponed to our second volume, Evolution and Selection of Quantitative Traits.
A second major development occurred in animal breeding. Here, enormous strides have been made in the development of new techniques for estimating breeding values (for the purposes of identifying elite individuals in selection programs) and for estimating variance components form samples of complex pedigrees. Although the foundation for many of these techniques was outlined in a remarkable series of papers by Charles Henderson in the 1960s and 1970s, their widespread application awaited the development of high-speed computers. Numerous technical treaties exist on these techniques, but their general absence form basic text books has endowed them with a certain mystique. In the last two chapters of this book, we have attempted to outline the basic principles of complex pedigree analysis, without getting greatly bogged down in technical details.
Third, in the past five years, as molecular markers have become widely available and economically feasible, there has been a rapid proliferation of new methods for detecting, locating, and characterizing quantitative-trait loci (QTLs). Currently one of most active fields of quantitative-genetic research, QTL analysis was a mere dream when we embarked on this book. Thus, one benefit of our slow writing is the fact that we have been able to provide an up-to-date report on the exciting achievements of QTL analysis. Although a full integration of quantitative genetics and molecular genetics is still a long way off, with the recruitment of molecular biologists in the field we can anticipate great advances in the near future.
Over the past couple of years, we have heard a number of colleagues, some quite prominent, make statements like “quantitative genetics is dead,” a rather hard thing to take when we have spent 10 years writing a treatise on the subjects! There are indeed some people who would dearly like to embrace this obituary as a rationale for ignoring a technically demanding field. However, the reality is that as a tool for the analysis of complex characters, quantitative genetics is as alive as it has ever been. What may be dead (or at least much less viable than we originally thought) is the simple caricature of traits being influenced by an effectively infinite number of loci with very small, additive effects. As we try to emphasize throughout this book, quantitative genetics is still fully capable of accommodating characters with small numbers of loci (even single loci), nonadditive genetic effects, non-Mendelian inheritance, and other genetic complexities. Indeed, the current machinery of quantitative genetics stands waiting (and its practitioners willing) to incorporate the fine genetic details of complex traits being elucidated by molecular and developmental biologists.
In spite of our best efforts, it is likely that a few errors have escaped scrutiny. Hopefully, they will be trivial and obvious, but Murphy’s Law suggests otherwise. Likewise, many of the methods we discuss can be computationally very demanding. To address both of these issues, we have set up a World Wide Web home page to post listings of detected errors and links to recent programs. The URL is http://nitro.biosci.arizona.edu/zbook/book.html; interested parties should contact BW at jbwalsh@u.arizona.edu for further information.
其他：购于爱丁堡，定价61.99英镑
群体遗传学原理 （第三版）
书名：Principles of Population Genetics (3rd edition)
作者：Daniel L. Hartl and Andrew G. Clark
DH: Harvard University
AC: Pennsylvania State University
Preface
Thanks in part to the power of molecular methods, population genetics has been reinvigorated. As some genome projects are approaching closure and methods of “functional genomics” are scaling up to identify the roles of novel genes; inevitably increasing attention is being paid to the significance of genetic variation in populations. Nowhere is this more evident than in medical genetics. Within a decade we can expect that all major single-gene inherited disorders will be identified, genetically mapped, cloned, and characterized at a fine molecular level. Health professional realize that this impressive feat will have an impact only on a small minority of individuals. Most of the genetic variation in disease risk is multifactorial, which means that risk is determined by multiple genetic and environmental factors acting together. Killer diseases such as familial forms of cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease fall into this category. The face that these disease aggregate in families implies that there is probably a genetic component, but the genetic component may differ from one family or ethnic group to another. Prompted by the high incidence of multifactorial diseases as a group, the medical community has become acutely aware of the need to understand the basic structure of genetic variation in populations in order to determine what aspects of the variation cause disease.
The exciting practical applications of population genetics to the analysis of multifactorial diseases have received great attention, but the scope of population genetics actually is much broader. Population genetics provides the genetic underpinning for all of evolutionary biology. By “evolution” we mean descent with modification as they adapt to their environments, and new species arise as a by-product of this process. The intellectual excitement of biological evolution arises from the fact that it addresses the fundamental questions, “hat are we?” and “where did we come from?”
Patterns of evolutionary history are recorded in DNA sequences, and the application of population genetics to interpreting DNA sequences is revealing many secrets about the evolutionary past, including the history of our own species. But population genetics embraces much more than the analysis of evolutionary relationships. It is particularly concerned with the processes and mechanisms by which evolutionary changes are made. The field is inherently multidisciplinary, cutting across molecular biology, systematics, natural history, plant breeding, animal breeding, conservation and wildlife management, human genetics, sociology, anthropology, mathematics, and statistics.
Students taking population genetics are usually expected to have completed, or to be taking concurrently, a course in differential calculus. While this book assumes a familiarity with the elementary notation for differentials and integrals, it does not require great mathematical proficiency. We have kept the mathematics to a minimum. On the other hand, some of the most important models in population genetics require quite advanced mathematics. Rather than ignore these approaches, we have made a concerted effort to present these models in such a way that the assumptions can be understood and the main results appreciated without much mathematics. References are provided for the interested reader to learn more about the details.
Several important changes distinguish the third edition of Principles from the second edition. The level of the treatment is more tailored to the needs of a one-semester or one-quarter course, with the intended audience being third- and forth-year undergraduates as well as beginning graduate students. Population genetics is not only an experimental science but also a theoretical one. Special care has been taken to explain the biological motivation behind the theoretical models so that the models do not simply materialized out of thin air, and to explain in plain English the implications of the results. Many concepts are illustrated by numerical examples, using actual data wherever possible. Special topics and examples are often set off from the text as boxed problems whose solutions are explained step by step. Every chapter ends with about 20 problems, graded in difficulty, and solutions worked in full appear at the end of the text.
This edition of Principles is organized into nine chapters that gradually build concepts from measuring variation and the various forces that influence genetic variation through a sequential progression to concepts from measuring variation and the various forces that influence genetic variation through a sequential progression to concepts of molecular population genetics and quantitative genetics and quantitative genetics. The first chapter provides a background in basic genetic and statistical principles. We discuss the fundamental concepts of allelism, dominance, segregating, recombination, and population frequencies. The role of model building and testing in population genetics is emphasized. Chapter 2 introduces the student to the primary data of population genetics, namely, the many levels of genetic variation. Chapter 3 is concerned with the organization of genetic variation. Chapter 3 is concerned with the organization of genetic variation into genotypes in populations. Here the Hardy-Weinberg principle gets very thorough coverate, including the cases of X-linkage and multiple alleles. Chapter 4
The goal of population genetics is to understand the forces that have an impact on levels of genetic variation. The forces of mutation, recombination, and migration are outlined in Chapter 5. Darwinian selection is the topic of Chapter 6, including both the theoretical foundations and empirical observations of the dynamics of gene-frequency change under the action of selection. Haploid and diploid cases are developed, as are the concepts of equilibrium, stability, and context dependence. After classical models of mutation-selection balance are developed, a series of more complex scenarios of natural selection are presented.
Chapter 7 deals with random genetic drift. In the absence of other forces, allele and genotype frequencies change as result of random sampling from one generation to another. The Wright-Fisher model and diffusion approximations are presented in such a way that the student gains an appreciation for the importance of random genetic drift. The process of the coalescence of genealogies is an important innovation in theoretical population genetics, and some of the basic concepts of coalescence are presented in Chapter 7.
In Chapter 8 we cover the rapidly expanding data on molecular evolutionary genetics. The unifying theme in the study of molecular evolution is Kimura’s neutral theory, and a close examination is make of the correspondence between the data and theory. This is a field in which advances in our empirical database and statistical tools for quantifying and manipulating the data are growing at a dizzying pace. Our goal is to give the student a firm grasp of the fundamentals, and a deep enough understanding of the principles to identify important gaps in our knowledge. One intriguing aspect of molecular evolutionary genetics is the discovery of new phenomena and forces taking place at the molecular level that go beyond the realm of classical population genetics. Multigene families and organelle genomes are described in some detail to illustrate these uniquely molecular phenomena.
Chapter 9 covers the problem of quantitative genetics from an evolutionary perspective. A compelling argument for using quantitative genetics for the study of evolution is that adaptive evolution takes place at the level of the phenotype, and quantitative genetics provides the tools for understanding transmission of phenotypic traits. Theoretical quantitative genetics is given special importance by the paradoxes it raises in contrasting evolution at the levels of the phenotype and of the DNA sequence. Our understanding of the correspondence between phenotypic and molecular differentiation is very incomplete, and our understanding of the correspondence between the rates of morphological and molecular evolution is even less well developed. As in the preceding chapters, we hope that the student is left with a feeling that there is plenty of room for imaginative work in this area. Population genetics is a field with a bright and expanding future.
其他：购于爱丁堡，定价49.99英镑
作者：Daniel L. Hartl and Andrew G. Clark
DH: Harvard University
AC: Pennsylvania State University
Preface
Thanks in part to the power of molecular methods, population genetics has been reinvigorated. As some genome projects are approaching closure and methods of “functional genomics” are scaling up to identify the roles of novel genes; inevitably increasing attention is being paid to the significance of genetic variation in populations. Nowhere is this more evident than in medical genetics. Within a decade we can expect that all major single-gene inherited disorders will be identified, genetically mapped, cloned, and characterized at a fine molecular level. Health professional realize that this impressive feat will have an impact only on a small minority of individuals. Most of the genetic variation in disease risk is multifactorial, which means that risk is determined by multiple genetic and environmental factors acting together. Killer diseases such as familial forms of cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease fall into this category. The face that these disease aggregate in families implies that there is probably a genetic component, but the genetic component may differ from one family or ethnic group to another. Prompted by the high incidence of multifactorial diseases as a group, the medical community has become acutely aware of the need to understand the basic structure of genetic variation in populations in order to determine what aspects of the variation cause disease.
The exciting practical applications of population genetics to the analysis of multifactorial diseases have received great attention, but the scope of population genetics actually is much broader. Population genetics provides the genetic underpinning for all of evolutionary biology. By “evolution” we mean descent with modification as they adapt to their environments, and new species arise as a by-product of this process. The intellectual excitement of biological evolution arises from the fact that it addresses the fundamental questions, “hat are we?” and “where did we come from?”
Patterns of evolutionary history are recorded in DNA sequences, and the application of population genetics to interpreting DNA sequences is revealing many secrets about the evolutionary past, including the history of our own species. But population genetics embraces much more than the analysis of evolutionary relationships. It is particularly concerned with the processes and mechanisms by which evolutionary changes are made. The field is inherently multidisciplinary, cutting across molecular biology, systematics, natural history, plant breeding, animal breeding, conservation and wildlife management, human genetics, sociology, anthropology, mathematics, and statistics.
Students taking population genetics are usually expected to have completed, or to be taking concurrently, a course in differential calculus. While this book assumes a familiarity with the elementary notation for differentials and integrals, it does not require great mathematical proficiency. We have kept the mathematics to a minimum. On the other hand, some of the most important models in population genetics require quite advanced mathematics. Rather than ignore these approaches, we have made a concerted effort to present these models in such a way that the assumptions can be understood and the main results appreciated without much mathematics. References are provided for the interested reader to learn more about the details.
Several important changes distinguish the third edition of Principles from the second edition. The level of the treatment is more tailored to the needs of a one-semester or one-quarter course, with the intended audience being third- and forth-year undergraduates as well as beginning graduate students. Population genetics is not only an experimental science but also a theoretical one. Special care has been taken to explain the biological motivation behind the theoretical models so that the models do not simply materialized out of thin air, and to explain in plain English the implications of the results. Many concepts are illustrated by numerical examples, using actual data wherever possible. Special topics and examples are often set off from the text as boxed problems whose solutions are explained step by step. Every chapter ends with about 20 problems, graded in difficulty, and solutions worked in full appear at the end of the text.
This edition of Principles is organized into nine chapters that gradually build concepts from measuring variation and the various forces that influence genetic variation through a sequential progression to concepts from measuring variation and the various forces that influence genetic variation through a sequential progression to concepts of molecular population genetics and quantitative genetics and quantitative genetics. The first chapter provides a background in basic genetic and statistical principles. We discuss the fundamental concepts of allelism, dominance, segregating, recombination, and population frequencies. The role of model building and testing in population genetics is emphasized. Chapter 2 introduces the student to the primary data of population genetics, namely, the many levels of genetic variation. Chapter 3 is concerned with the organization of genetic variation. Chapter 3 is concerned with the organization of genetic variation into genotypes in populations. Here the Hardy-Weinberg principle gets very thorough coverate, including the cases of X-linkage and multiple alleles. Chapter 4
The goal of population genetics is to understand the forces that have an impact on levels of genetic variation. The forces of mutation, recombination, and migration are outlined in Chapter 5. Darwinian selection is the topic of Chapter 6, including both the theoretical foundations and empirical observations of the dynamics of gene-frequency change under the action of selection. Haploid and diploid cases are developed, as are the concepts of equilibrium, stability, and context dependence. After classical models of mutation-selection balance are developed, a series of more complex scenarios of natural selection are presented.
Chapter 7 deals with random genetic drift. In the absence of other forces, allele and genotype frequencies change as result of random sampling from one generation to another. The Wright-Fisher model and diffusion approximations are presented in such a way that the student gains an appreciation for the importance of random genetic drift. The process of the coalescence of genealogies is an important innovation in theoretical population genetics, and some of the basic concepts of coalescence are presented in Chapter 7.
In Chapter 8 we cover the rapidly expanding data on molecular evolutionary genetics. The unifying theme in the study of molecular evolution is Kimura’s neutral theory, and a close examination is make of the correspondence between the data and theory. This is a field in which advances in our empirical database and statistical tools for quantifying and manipulating the data are growing at a dizzying pace. Our goal is to give the student a firm grasp of the fundamentals, and a deep enough understanding of the principles to identify important gaps in our knowledge. One intriguing aspect of molecular evolutionary genetics is the discovery of new phenomena and forces taking place at the molecular level that go beyond the realm of classical population genetics. Multigene families and organelle genomes are described in some detail to illustrate these uniquely molecular phenomena.
Chapter 9 covers the problem of quantitative genetics from an evolutionary perspective. A compelling argument for using quantitative genetics for the study of evolution is that adaptive evolution takes place at the level of the phenotype, and quantitative genetics provides the tools for understanding transmission of phenotypic traits. Theoretical quantitative genetics is given special importance by the paradoxes it raises in contrasting evolution at the levels of the phenotype and of the DNA sequence. Our understanding of the correspondence between phenotypic and molecular differentiation is very incomplete, and our understanding of the correspondence between the rates of morphological and molecular evolution is even less well developed. As in the preceding chapters, we hope that the student is left with a feeling that there is plenty of room for imaginative work in this area. Population genetics is a field with a bright and expanding future.
其他：购于爱丁堡，定价49.99英镑
遗传学 (instant notes 系列) 2nd edtion
书名：Instant Notes Genetics (2nd edition)
作者：P. C. Winter, G. I. Hickey and H. L. Fletcher
PW: Department of Haematology, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, UK
GH: Science Department, St. Mary’s University College, Belfast, UK
HF: School of Biology & Biochemistry, The Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
Preface
Since the first edition, we have learned that humans have about 30 000 to 40 000 genes (it really is that accurate) compared to 26 000 in a plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, 19 000 in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, 13 600 in the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster, and 5 800 in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisie. If you know where in the human genome to look, the hard sequencing work is probably done for you. If you know how to use the data, you can make money. We have updated some sections to reflect the rapid advances made in the science of genetics, and have also increased the coverage of genetics related to us humans and our society. Some modern technology used to identify and study genetic diseases have been included (DNA microchips and real time PCR) and bioinformatics introduces the computerized analysis of the wealth of data from systematic genome sequencing and protein analysis. The old section “ Applications of Genetics” have been split into Human Genetics and Genetics and Society. The former has more details of genetic disorders, and a new topic, epigenetics, about persistent, even heritable, changes in gene expression without changes in DNA sequence. It is these that make the process of cloning animals so unpredictable. Genetics and society includes topics causing public concern. There is an updated section on the Human Genome Mapping Project, and Transgenics (Genetically Modified Organisms) are now a separate topic. Ethical Issues have become a new topic to assist readers to make up your own minds about what controls you would like to see imposed. We have concentrated on providing the factual scientific information and the questions, argument and dilemmas which must be faced by anyone trying to decide what is right or wrong in the uses of modern genetics. The pace of advances in genetics has not slackened, and the applications of genome sequence data will continue to have a large effect on our lives for several decades.
其他：购于爱丁堡，定价16.99英镑
作者：P. C. Winter, G. I. Hickey and H. L. Fletcher
PW: Department of Haematology, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, UK
GH: Science Department, St. Mary’s University College, Belfast, UK
HF: School of Biology & Biochemistry, The Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
Preface
Since the first edition, we have learned that humans have about 30 000 to 40 000 genes (it really is that accurate) compared to 26 000 in a plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, 19 000 in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, 13 600 in the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster, and 5 800 in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisie. If you know where in the human genome to look, the hard sequencing work is probably done for you. If you know how to use the data, you can make money. We have updated some sections to reflect the rapid advances made in the science of genetics, and have also increased the coverage of genetics related to us humans and our society. Some modern technology used to identify and study genetic diseases have been included (DNA microchips and real time PCR) and bioinformatics introduces the computerized analysis of the wealth of data from systematic genome sequencing and protein analysis. The old section “ Applications of Genetics” have been split into Human Genetics and Genetics and Society. The former has more details of genetic disorders, and a new topic, epigenetics, about persistent, even heritable, changes in gene expression without changes in DNA sequence. It is these that make the process of cloning animals so unpredictable. Genetics and society includes topics causing public concern. There is an updated section on the Human Genome Mapping Project, and Transgenics (Genetically Modified Organisms) are now a separate topic. Ethical Issues have become a new topic to assist readers to make up your own minds about what controls you would like to see imposed. We have concentrated on providing the factual scientific information and the questions, argument and dilemmas which must be faced by anyone trying to decide what is right or wrong in the uses of modern genetics. The pace of advances in genetics has not slackened, and the applications of genome sequence data will continue to have a large effect on our lives for several decades.
其他：购于爱丁堡，定价16.99英镑
数量遗传学导论
书名：Introduction to Quantitative Genetics (4th edition)
作者：D. S. Falconer & Trudy F. C. Mackay
DF: Formerly with Institute of Cell, Animal and Population Biology, University of Edinburgh
TM: Department of Genetics, North Carolina State University
Preface to the fourth edition:
Quantitative genetics is now merging with molecular genetics and this very active area of the subject needs more consideration than it was given in the previous edition. Accordingly, a new chapter has been added, on quantitative trait loci (QTLs) – the location and characterization of the genes causing quantitative variation. Chapter 20, on natural selection, has been largely rewritten, with fuller treatment of mutation and the maintenance of genetic variation; we hope these additions will make the book more useful to students of evolutionary quantitative genetics. In the earlier chapters, the treatment of polymorphism and of neutral mutation has been expanded, and some sections in the chapters on inbreeding have been shortened.
We gratefully acknowledge advice from Dr James D. Fry, Professor W. G. Hill, Dr Peter D. Keightley, Dr Mark Kirkpatrick and Dr Michael Turelli. We are indebted also to Dr Richard Lyman for producing Figures 21.3and 21.4, and to Dr Hartwig H. Geiger for pointing out an error in equation [15.8], which has now been corrected. Finally, the first author is most grateful to Professor Hill for the hospitality provided in his laboratory.
D. S. Falconer
T. F. C. Mackay
March 1995
Preface to the third edition
This book was written with the intention of providing an introductory textbook, with the emphasis on general principles rather than on practical applications. I tried to make the book useful to as wide a range of readers as possible, particularly biologists who, like myself, have no more than ordinary mathematical ability. The mathematics does not go beyond simple algebra; neither calculus nor matrix methods are used. Some knowledge of statistics, however, is assumed, particularly of the analysis of variance and of correlation and regression.
The second edition kept the same structure but was somewhat enlarged by the inclusion of developments in the intervening twenty years, and by more attention being given to plants. In consequence the book came to contain a good deal more material than is needed by those for whom the subject is part of a course on general genetics. The section headings, however, should facilitate the selection of what is relevant. My main regret then, as it is now, was the impossibility of mentioning more than a very few of the experimental studies that have illuminated the subject since the book first appeared.
The revisions made in this new edition are less extensive. The desire not to increase the length of the book has meant that many of the recent developments are noted by little more than references to the sources. The demonstration that mutation is not negligible for quantitative genetics has, however, necessitated more substantial revision of Chapter 12 and to a lesser extent Chapters 15 and 20.
The problems, which were hitherto published separately, are now put together with the text, following the chapters to which they refer. They are of varying difficulty and I hope that all students will find some that they can solve immediately and some also that will tax their ingenuity to the full. Some of the problems are based on the data and solutions of earlier ones. Students are therefore advised to keep their workings for later used; this will save the repetition of calculations. I have based the problems on real data wherever I could, to make them more interesting and realistic. In consequence, however, the arithmetic seldom works out simply, and a pocket calculator will be needed for most of them. a few of the problems have been revised for this edition. The solutions are at the end of the book, arranged in a different order from the problems so as to avoid the risk of inadvertently seeing the solution of the next problem. The solutions are not simply answers but give fairly full explanations of how the problems are solved.
Acknowledgements It is not exaggeration to say that this book could not originally have been written without the help of Professor Alan Robertson. My understanding of the subject grew from my frequent discussions with him. I owe the same debt of gratitude to Professor W. G. Hill for his guidance on the preparation of the second, and now this, edition. Without his advice many of the revisions could not have been attempted. Dr. R. C. Roberts read the manuscripts of the first and second editions and his suggestions led to many improvements being made. Dr paul M. Sharp checked the solutions of all the problems and made many valuable suggestions. I have had help also from many other colleagues who have advised me on particular matters. To all of these, and to my wife who helped me in many ways, I am deeply grateful. The mistakes and misunderstandings that remain are entirely my own. I should be grateful to be told of these.
D. S. Falconer
February 1988
Department of Genetics
West Mains Road
Edinburgh, EH9 3JN
Scotland
其他：购于爱丁堡，定价42.99英镑
作者：D. S. Falconer & Trudy F. C. Mackay
DF: Formerly with Institute of Cell, Animal and Population Biology, University of Edinburgh
TM: Department of Genetics, North Carolina State University
Preface to the fourth edition:
Quantitative genetics is now merging with molecular genetics and this very active area of the subject needs more consideration than it was given in the previous edition. Accordingly, a new chapter has been added, on quantitative trait loci (QTLs) – the location and characterization of the genes causing quantitative variation. Chapter 20, on natural selection, has been largely rewritten, with fuller treatment of mutation and the maintenance of genetic variation; we hope these additions will make the book more useful to students of evolutionary quantitative genetics. In the earlier chapters, the treatment of polymorphism and of neutral mutation has been expanded, and some sections in the chapters on inbreeding have been shortened.
We gratefully acknowledge advice from Dr James D. Fry, Professor W. G. Hill, Dr Peter D. Keightley, Dr Mark Kirkpatrick and Dr Michael Turelli. We are indebted also to Dr Richard Lyman for producing Figures 21.3and 21.4, and to Dr Hartwig H. Geiger for pointing out an error in equation [15.8], which has now been corrected. Finally, the first author is most grateful to Professor Hill for the hospitality provided in his laboratory.
D. S. Falconer
T. F. C. Mackay
March 1995
Preface to the third edition
This book was written with the intention of providing an introductory textbook, with the emphasis on general principles rather than on practical applications. I tried to make the book useful to as wide a range of readers as possible, particularly biologists who, like myself, have no more than ordinary mathematical ability. The mathematics does not go beyond simple algebra; neither calculus nor matrix methods are used. Some knowledge of statistics, however, is assumed, particularly of the analysis of variance and of correlation and regression.
The second edition kept the same structure but was somewhat enlarged by the inclusion of developments in the intervening twenty years, and by more attention being given to plants. In consequence the book came to contain a good deal more material than is needed by those for whom the subject is part of a course on general genetics. The section headings, however, should facilitate the selection of what is relevant. My main regret then, as it is now, was the impossibility of mentioning more than a very few of the experimental studies that have illuminated the subject since the book first appeared.
The revisions made in this new edition are less extensive. The desire not to increase the length of the book has meant that many of the recent developments are noted by little more than references to the sources. The demonstration that mutation is not negligible for quantitative genetics has, however, necessitated more substantial revision of Chapter 12 and to a lesser extent Chapters 15 and 20.
The problems, which were hitherto published separately, are now put together with the text, following the chapters to which they refer. They are of varying difficulty and I hope that all students will find some that they can solve immediately and some also that will tax their ingenuity to the full. Some of the problems are based on the data and solutions of earlier ones. Students are therefore advised to keep their workings for later used; this will save the repetition of calculations. I have based the problems on real data wherever I could, to make them more interesting and realistic. In consequence, however, the arithmetic seldom works out simply, and a pocket calculator will be needed for most of them. a few of the problems have been revised for this edition. The solutions are at the end of the book, arranged in a different order from the problems so as to avoid the risk of inadvertently seeing the solution of the next problem. The solutions are not simply answers but give fairly full explanations of how the problems are solved.
Acknowledgements It is not exaggeration to say that this book could not originally have been written without the help of Professor Alan Robertson. My understanding of the subject grew from my frequent discussions with him. I owe the same debt of gratitude to Professor W. G. Hill for his guidance on the preparation of the second, and now this, edition. Without his advice many of the revisions could not have been attempted. Dr. R. C. Roberts read the manuscripts of the first and second editions and his suggestions led to many improvements being made. Dr paul M. Sharp checked the solutions of all the problems and made many valuable suggestions. I have had help also from many other colleagues who have advised me on particular matters. To all of these, and to my wife who helped me in many ways, I am deeply grateful. The mistakes and misunderstandings that remain are entirely my own. I should be grateful to be told of these.
D. S. Falconer
February 1988
Department of Genetics
West Mains Road
Edinburgh, EH9 3JN
Scotland
其他：购于爱丁堡，定价42.99英镑
星期二, 一月 18, 2005
我有一个梦想
马丁．路德．金
一百年前，一位伟大的美国人签署了解放黑奴宣言，今天我们就是在他的雕像前集会。这一庄严宣言犹如灯塔的光芒，给千百万在那摧残生命的不义之火中受煎熬的黑奴带来了希望。它之到来犹如欢乐的黎明，结束了束缚黑人的漫漫长夜。
然而一百年后的今天，我们必须正视黑人还没有得到自由这一悲惨的事实。一百年后的今天，在种族隔离的镣铐和种族歧视的枷锁下，黑人的生活备受压榨。一百年后的今天，黑人仍生活在物质充裕的海洋中一个穷困的孤岛上。一百年后的今天，黑人仍然萎缩在美国社会的角落里，并且意识到自己是故土家园中的流亡者。今天我们在这里集会，就是要把这种骇人听闻的情况公诸于众。
就某种意义而言，今天我们是为了要求兑现诺言而汇集到我们国家的首都来的。我们共和国的缔造者草拟宪法和独立宣言的气壮山河的词句时，曾向每一个美国人许下了诺言。他们承诺给予所有的人以生存、自由和追求幸福的不可剥夺的权利。
就有色公民而论，美国显然没有实践她的诺言。美国没有履行这项神圣的义务，只是给黑人开了一张空头支票，支票上盖著「资金不足」的戳子后便退了回来。但是我们不相信正义的银行已经破产。我们不相信，在这个国家巨大的机会之库里已没有足够的储备。因此今天我们要求将支票兑现－－这张支票将给予我们宝贵的自由和正义的保障。
我们来到这个圣地也是为了提醒美国，现在是非常急迫的时刻。现在决非侈谈冷静下来或服用渐进主义的镇静剂的时候。现在是实现民主的诺言的时候。现在是从种族隔离的荒凉阴暗的深谷攀登种族平等的光明大道的时候。现在是向上帝所有的儿女开放机会之门的时候。现在是把我们的国家从种族不平等的流沙中拯救出来，置于兄弟情谊的盘石上的时候。
如果美国忽视时间的迫切性和低估黑人的决心，那么，这对美国来说，将是致命伤。自由和平等的爽朗秋天如不到来，黑人义愤填膺的酷暑就不会过去。一九六三年并不意味著斗争的结束，而是开始。有人希望，黑人只要消消气就会满足；如果国家安之若素，毫无反应，这些人必会大失所望的。黑人得不到公民的权利，美国就不可能有安宁或平静。正义的光明的一天不到来，叛乱的旋风就将继续动摇这个国家的基础。
但是对于等候在正义之宫门口的心急如焚的人们，有些话我是必须说的。在争取合法地位的过程中，我们不要采取错误的做法。我们不要为了满足对自由的渴望而抱著敌对和仇恨之杯痛饮。我们斗争时必须求远举止得体，纪律严明。我们不能容许我们的具有崭新内容的抗议蜕变为暴力行动。我们要不断地升华到以精神力量对付物质力量的崇高境界中去。
现在黑人社会充满著了不起的新的战斗精神，但是我们却不能因此而不信任所有的白人。因为我们的许多白人兄弟已经认识到，他们的命运与我们的命运是紧密相连的，他们今天参加游行集会就是明证。他们的自由与我们的自由是息息相关的。我们不能单独行动。
当我们行动时，我们必须保证向前进。我们不能倒退。现在有人问热心民权运动的人，「你们什么时候才能满足?」
只要黑人仍然遭受警察难以形容的野蛮迫害，我们就绝不会满足。
只要我们在外奔波而疲乏的身躯不能在公路旁的汽车旅馆和城里的旅馆找到住宿之所，我们就绝不会满足。
只要黑人的基本活动范围只是从少数民族聚居的小贫民区转移到大贫民区，我们就绝不会满足。
只要密西西比仍然有一个黑人不能参加选举，只要纽约有一个黑人认为他投票无济于事，我们就绝不会满足。
不!我们现在并不满足，我们将来也不满足，除非正义和公正犹如江海之波涛，汹涌澎湃，滚滚而来。
我并非没有注意到，参加今天集会的人中，有些受尽苦难和折磨；有些刚刚走出窄小的牢房；有些由于寻求自由，曾在居住地惨遭疯狂迫害的打击，并在警察暴行的旋风中摇摇欲坠。你们是人为痛苦的长期受难者。坚持下去吧，要坚决相信，忍受不应得的痛苦是一种赎罪。
让我们回到密西西比去，回到阿拉巴马去，回到南卡罗来纳去，回到乔治亚去，回到路易斯安那去，回到我们北方城市中的贫民区和少数民族居住区去，要心中有数，这种状况是能够也必将改变的。我们不要陷入绝望而不克自拔。
朋友们，今天我对你们说，在此时此刻，我们虽然遭受种种困难和挫折，我仍然有一个梦想。这个梦想是深深扎根于美国的梦想中的。
我梦想有一天，这个国家会站立起来，真正实现其信条的真谛：「我们认为这些真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等。」
我梦想有一天，在乔治亚的红山上，昔日奴隶的儿子将能够和昔日奴隶主的儿子坐在一起，共叙兄弟情谊。
我梦想有一天，甚至连密西西比州这个正义匿迹，压迫成风，如同沙漠般的地方，也将变成自由和正义的绿洲。
我梦想有一天，我的四个孩子将在一个不是以他们的肤色，而是以他们的品格优劣来评价他们的国度里生活。
我今天有一个梦想。
我梦想有一天，亚拉巴马州能够有所转变，尽管该州州长现在仍然满口异议，反对联邦法令，但有朝一日，那里的黑人男孩和女孩将能与白人男孩和女孩情同骨肉，携手并进。
我今天有一个梦想。
我梦想有一天，幽谷上升，高山下降，坎坷曲折之路成坦途，圣光披露，满照人间。
这就是我们的希望。我怀著这种信念回到南方。有了这个信念，我们将能从绝望之嶙劈出一块希望之石。有了这个信念，我们将能把这个国家刺耳争吵的声，改变成为一支洋溢手足之情的优美交响曲。
有了这个信念，我们将能一起工作，一起祈祷，一起斗争，一起坐牢，一起维护自由；因为我们知道，终有一天，我们是会自由的。
在自由到来的那一天，上帝的所有儿女们将以新的含义高唱这支歌：「我的祖国，美丽的自由之乡，我为您歌唱。您是父辈逝去的地方，您是最初移民的骄傲，让自由之声响彻每个山岗。」
如果美国要成为一个伟大的国家，这个梦想必须实现。让自由之声从新罕布什尔州的巍峨峰巅响起来!让自由之声从纽约州的崇山峻岭响起来？让自由之声从宾夕法尼亚州阿勒格尼山的顶峰响起来!
让自由之声从科罗拉多州冰雪覆盖的洛基山响起来!让自由之声从加利福尼亚州蜿蜒的群峰响起来？不仅如此，还要让自由之声从乔治亚州的石嶙响起来？让自由之声从田纳西州的了望山响起来!
让自由之声从密西西比的每一座丘陵响起来？让自由之声从每一片山坡响起来。
当我们让自由之声响起来，让自由之声从每一个大小村庄、每一个州和每一个城市响起来时，我们将能够加速这一天的到来，那时，上帝的所有儿女，黑人和白人，犹太教徒和非犹太教徒，耶稣教徒和天主教徒，都将手携手，合唱一首古老的黑人灵歌：「终于自由啦!终于自由啦!感谢全能的上帝，我们终于自由啦!」
一百年前，一位伟大的美国人签署了解放黑奴宣言，今天我们就是在他的雕像前集会。这一庄严宣言犹如灯塔的光芒，给千百万在那摧残生命的不义之火中受煎熬的黑奴带来了希望。它之到来犹如欢乐的黎明，结束了束缚黑人的漫漫长夜。
然而一百年后的今天，我们必须正视黑人还没有得到自由这一悲惨的事实。一百年后的今天，在种族隔离的镣铐和种族歧视的枷锁下，黑人的生活备受压榨。一百年后的今天，黑人仍生活在物质充裕的海洋中一个穷困的孤岛上。一百年后的今天，黑人仍然萎缩在美国社会的角落里，并且意识到自己是故土家园中的流亡者。今天我们在这里集会，就是要把这种骇人听闻的情况公诸于众。
就某种意义而言，今天我们是为了要求兑现诺言而汇集到我们国家的首都来的。我们共和国的缔造者草拟宪法和独立宣言的气壮山河的词句时，曾向每一个美国人许下了诺言。他们承诺给予所有的人以生存、自由和追求幸福的不可剥夺的权利。
就有色公民而论，美国显然没有实践她的诺言。美国没有履行这项神圣的义务，只是给黑人开了一张空头支票，支票上盖著「资金不足」的戳子后便退了回来。但是我们不相信正义的银行已经破产。我们不相信，在这个国家巨大的机会之库里已没有足够的储备。因此今天我们要求将支票兑现－－这张支票将给予我们宝贵的自由和正义的保障。
我们来到这个圣地也是为了提醒美国，现在是非常急迫的时刻。现在决非侈谈冷静下来或服用渐进主义的镇静剂的时候。现在是实现民主的诺言的时候。现在是从种族隔离的荒凉阴暗的深谷攀登种族平等的光明大道的时候。现在是向上帝所有的儿女开放机会之门的时候。现在是把我们的国家从种族不平等的流沙中拯救出来，置于兄弟情谊的盘石上的时候。
如果美国忽视时间的迫切性和低估黑人的决心，那么，这对美国来说，将是致命伤。自由和平等的爽朗秋天如不到来，黑人义愤填膺的酷暑就不会过去。一九六三年并不意味著斗争的结束，而是开始。有人希望，黑人只要消消气就会满足；如果国家安之若素，毫无反应，这些人必会大失所望的。黑人得不到公民的权利，美国就不可能有安宁或平静。正义的光明的一天不到来，叛乱的旋风就将继续动摇这个国家的基础。
但是对于等候在正义之宫门口的心急如焚的人们，有些话我是必须说的。在争取合法地位的过程中，我们不要采取错误的做法。我们不要为了满足对自由的渴望而抱著敌对和仇恨之杯痛饮。我们斗争时必须求远举止得体，纪律严明。我们不能容许我们的具有崭新内容的抗议蜕变为暴力行动。我们要不断地升华到以精神力量对付物质力量的崇高境界中去。
现在黑人社会充满著了不起的新的战斗精神，但是我们却不能因此而不信任所有的白人。因为我们的许多白人兄弟已经认识到，他们的命运与我们的命运是紧密相连的，他们今天参加游行集会就是明证。他们的自由与我们的自由是息息相关的。我们不能单独行动。
当我们行动时，我们必须保证向前进。我们不能倒退。现在有人问热心民权运动的人，「你们什么时候才能满足?」
只要黑人仍然遭受警察难以形容的野蛮迫害，我们就绝不会满足。
只要我们在外奔波而疲乏的身躯不能在公路旁的汽车旅馆和城里的旅馆找到住宿之所，我们就绝不会满足。
只要黑人的基本活动范围只是从少数民族聚居的小贫民区转移到大贫民区，我们就绝不会满足。
只要密西西比仍然有一个黑人不能参加选举，只要纽约有一个黑人认为他投票无济于事，我们就绝不会满足。
不!我们现在并不满足，我们将来也不满足，除非正义和公正犹如江海之波涛，汹涌澎湃，滚滚而来。
我并非没有注意到，参加今天集会的人中，有些受尽苦难和折磨；有些刚刚走出窄小的牢房；有些由于寻求自由，曾在居住地惨遭疯狂迫害的打击，并在警察暴行的旋风中摇摇欲坠。你们是人为痛苦的长期受难者。坚持下去吧，要坚决相信，忍受不应得的痛苦是一种赎罪。
让我们回到密西西比去，回到阿拉巴马去，回到南卡罗来纳去，回到乔治亚去，回到路易斯安那去，回到我们北方城市中的贫民区和少数民族居住区去，要心中有数，这种状况是能够也必将改变的。我们不要陷入绝望而不克自拔。
朋友们，今天我对你们说，在此时此刻，我们虽然遭受种种困难和挫折，我仍然有一个梦想。这个梦想是深深扎根于美国的梦想中的。
我梦想有一天，这个国家会站立起来，真正实现其信条的真谛：「我们认为这些真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等。」
我梦想有一天，在乔治亚的红山上，昔日奴隶的儿子将能够和昔日奴隶主的儿子坐在一起，共叙兄弟情谊。
我梦想有一天，甚至连密西西比州这个正义匿迹，压迫成风，如同沙漠般的地方，也将变成自由和正义的绿洲。
我梦想有一天，我的四个孩子将在一个不是以他们的肤色，而是以他们的品格优劣来评价他们的国度里生活。
我今天有一个梦想。
我梦想有一天，亚拉巴马州能够有所转变，尽管该州州长现在仍然满口异议，反对联邦法令，但有朝一日，那里的黑人男孩和女孩将能与白人男孩和女孩情同骨肉，携手并进。
我今天有一个梦想。
我梦想有一天，幽谷上升，高山下降，坎坷曲折之路成坦途，圣光披露，满照人间。
这就是我们的希望。我怀著这种信念回到南方。有了这个信念，我们将能从绝望之嶙劈出一块希望之石。有了这个信念，我们将能把这个国家刺耳争吵的声，改变成为一支洋溢手足之情的优美交响曲。
有了这个信念，我们将能一起工作，一起祈祷，一起斗争，一起坐牢，一起维护自由；因为我们知道，终有一天，我们是会自由的。
在自由到来的那一天，上帝的所有儿女们将以新的含义高唱这支歌：「我的祖国，美丽的自由之乡，我为您歌唱。您是父辈逝去的地方，您是最初移民的骄傲，让自由之声响彻每个山岗。」
如果美国要成为一个伟大的国家，这个梦想必须实现。让自由之声从新罕布什尔州的巍峨峰巅响起来!让自由之声从纽约州的崇山峻岭响起来？让自由之声从宾夕法尼亚州阿勒格尼山的顶峰响起来!
让自由之声从科罗拉多州冰雪覆盖的洛基山响起来!让自由之声从加利福尼亚州蜿蜒的群峰响起来？不仅如此，还要让自由之声从乔治亚州的石嶙响起来？让自由之声从田纳西州的了望山响起来!
让自由之声从密西西比的每一座丘陵响起来？让自由之声从每一片山坡响起来。
当我们让自由之声响起来，让自由之声从每一个大小村庄、每一个州和每一个城市响起来时，我们将能够加速这一天的到来，那时，上帝的所有儿女，黑人和白人，犹太教徒和非犹太教徒，耶稣教徒和天主教徒，都将手携手，合唱一首古老的黑人灵歌：「终于自由啦!终于自由啦!感谢全能的上帝，我们终于自由啦!」
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